In brief, the mode of action of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines to induce an immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is based on the cellular internalisation of the lipid nanoparticles containing the mRNA encoding the spike S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 which leads to the activation of antigen-presenting cells and ultimately to the production of immunoglobulin antibodies against the spike S protein ( 13). The replication-defective adenovirus-vectored vaccines use the adenovirus backbone, a double-stranded DNA virus, to infect host cells which ultimately will express the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike S ( 12). In general, the vector viruses of vectorised vaccines, also called “chimeric virus vaccines,” are genetically modified organisms obtained by standard recombinant DNA technology which genetically encode the target antigens ( 10, 11). The COVID-19 AstraZeneca vaccine is a replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus vectored vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike S glycoprotein (ChAdOx1-S) ( 9). The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine is a replication-defective human adenovirus type 26 (Ad26) vectored vaccine encoding the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike S glycoprotein (Ad26.COV2-S) ( 8). Besides the mRNA vaccines, two vectorised vaccines, Janssen COVID-19 and COVID-19 AstraZeneca vaccine (later re-branded as Vaxzevria) in the European Union (EU), have also received Emergency Use and Conditional Marketing Authorisations. The mRNA vaccines are products based on nucleic-acid pharmaceutical technology ( 5) and contain a nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the viral spike S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, lipid nanoparticles, and some salts, sugars, and buffers ( 6, 7). Data on US annual resident population by age groups from 2010 to 2019 are available from the US Census Bureau at (table NC-EST2019).īetween December 2020 and January 2021, the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued the so-called Emergency Use Authorizations and Conditional Marketing Authorisations, respectively, for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines ( 1– 4).
#POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS OF COVID VACCINE FDA ZIP#
Data of VAERS are publicly available as ZIP files for each reporting year at. Data on US vaccination coverage are available at (download ). Data on population for the EU are available from Eurostat's database at in the table population on 1 January by age, sex and educational attainment level (demo_pjanedu). Data on vaccination coverage in the EU are available at (download ). GUID: A21C7DF5-2B4A-4342-A9BD-3BA60594656B Data Availability Statementĭata of Eudra Vigilance are publicly available as CSV files at under the line listings view of the corresponding vaccine type.
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